Fire, drought, and humans all can destroy forests and their ecosystems. While much attention is paid to deforestation in tropical rainforests, very few comprehensive studies have been done to address changes in the Earth's temperate conifer forests. Temperate conifer forests lie at latitudes above tropical forests and below boreal forests and account for much of the forested area in the United States and Europe.

Understanding changes occurring in temperate conifer forests is important for understanding environmental issues including wildlife habitat protection, watershed management, timber harvest, and understanding the role of human activities on changes in regional climates.

Previously, researchers have only been able to monitor changes in specific locations with Landsat data due to its limited availability. Boston University geographer Curtis E. Woodcock and colleagues used Landsat to monitor how drought in the late 1980s and early 1990s affected forests in California's Sierra Nevada. During the drought, Woodcock found that Landsat images could recognize areas where trees were dying due to lack of water, a factor making the trees more susceptible to disease and the forest more susceptible to fire.

The practice of clearcutting sections of Washington's Olympic National Forest and other state forests in the Pacific Northwest was prevalent up until the late 1980s when changes in public policy caused logging to move from public to private land.

With the help of the frequent and comprehensive coverage of Landsat 7, Woodcock and colleagues plan to create a global monitoring system for temperate conifer forests. The monitoring system will measure the rates of destruction of conifer forests due to natural causes such as drought and fire and anthropogenic clearing due to harvest or development of forest lands. The monitoring system will also track the regrowth of forests and successional change in vegetation.

The new system will work in conjunction with NASA EOS land cover change studies based on the EOS Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The MODIS instrument will fly aboard the Terra satellite set for launch in July 1999, and will be used to identify large areas of significant changes in forest lands. Following up with the finer spatial resolution data from Landsat will allow determination of the type of changes and their geographic extent.

Using Landsat images of Washington's Olympic Peninsula (above), Boston University researchers can keep track of what areas are being cut, and what areas of forest are regrowing. The square box in this 1986 image represents a square kilometer area within the Olympic National Forest.

The two sub-scenes above are from September, 1987 (top) and September, 1995 (bottom). In each sub-scene, there are clearcut patches (red) in the northern two thirds of the image. Much of the clearcutting occurred prior to 1984. However, new clearcuts are evident in images of this area through 1987. After 1987, there is evidence of regrowing vegetation in the clearcut patches. In the southern portion of the images, the forest is undisturbed; this portion lies within the Olympic National Park.

Source: http://landsathandbook.gsfc.nasa.gov